Turkey will cease sending imams to German mosques

For many years, the Turkish authorities has despatched imams to work in mosques throughout Germany. However the German Ministry of the Inside recently announced that it had reached an settlement with the Turkish authorities to place an finish to the observe.

These imams, roughly 1,000 at current, are Turkish civil servants. Imams are despatched to Germany on four- to six-year rotations, based mostly on a long-standing settlement between the 2 governments. They work with Germany’s more than 2.8 million residents with Turkish citizenship or heritage.

The observe had come underneath intense criticism in Germany in recent times. German politicians have accused Turkish imams of spying on their flocks or abusing their positions to advertise assist for Turkey’s ruling Justice and Growth Get together.

The German authorities described plans to interchange “imported imams” with imams educated in Germany as an “important milestone for integration.” Then again, some observers have questioned whether or not it’ll change something for Germany’s 5 million Muslims.

As a part of my ongoing analysis into the history of migration between Turkey and Germany, I’ve investigated the origins of this alternate and the targets each governments pursued by bringing Turkish imams to Germany.

Efforts by each states to intervene within the spiritual lives of Muslims by deciding on which imams can preach in German mosques have an extended historical past – though such efforts may not all the time obtain the targets of governments.

The ‘technique’ of sending imams

A 1961 settlement led to Turkish “visitor staff” being despatched to Germany to fulfill the labor calls for of its booming postwar financial system. Many recruited staff and their households selected to settle completely in Germany. By 1974, a yr after labor recruitment ended, not less than 1 million Turkish residents had been residing in Germany.

It was solely within the Nineteen Eighties that the Turkish authorities started sending cohorts of imams overseas, after it had develop into evident that a big Turkish inhabitants was in Germany to remain.

This step was motivated by a number of targets. One was to make use of state imams to create an alternative to Islamic groups energetic in Germany who opposed the secular Turkish state. One other was to make use of imams to foster continued ties to Turkey among the many Turkish diaspora in Germany, encouraging them to proceed to spend money on Turkey.

Within the Nineteen Eighties, conservative governments made rising use of Islam to encourage nationwide unity in Turkey by, for instance, mandating spiritual training in colleges and revising curricula to emphasise Turkey’s Islamic heritage. Sending imams overseas was an example of this strategy being exported to Turkey’s overseas diaspora.

Solely Turkish imams for Germany

Within the early Nineteen Eighties, German authorities, like their Turkish counterparts, had develop into involved about Islamic establishments within the nation. Historian Alexander Konrad has demonstrated that unsubstantiated reports about corporal punishment and political extremism in programs dedicated to studying the Quran achieved vast forex in Germany within the Seventies.

When German diplomats and Turkish officers started to debate their shared issues in conferences in Ankara in 1980, they rapidly discovered frequent floor. As diplomatic cables within the archives of the German Federal International Workplace reporting on these discussions reveal, Turkish and German officers agreed that having the proper imams in German mosques would clear up the social and political issues they believed had been attributable to extremist imams. And so they believed that imams employed by the Turkish state had been assured to be well-trained and average.

Accordingly, as I discovered from directives preserved within the State Archive of North Rhine-Westphalia, German policymakers had begun by 1982 to concern entry visas on to the Turkish authorities to distribute to these imams it chosen to serve in Germany. Already by the top of the Nineteen Eighties, more than 500 Turkish state imams had been energetic in Germany.

On the identical time, entry visas for all different imams had been extra tightly managed. This meant that imams from Turkey or wherever else on this planet who needed to work in Germany however weren’t employed by the Turkish authorities confronted new hurdles. I discovered from authorized judgments within the German Federal Archives that some imams who had been already working in Germany had been compelled to depart the nation because of the brand new coverage.

Limits to the affect of Turkish state imams

Each governments assumed that Turkish state imams would be capable of reshape German mosques, eradicate perceived extremism and guarantee secular Islamic observe in Germany. Nevertheless, this settlement didn’t obtain the outcomes the Turkish or German authorities desired.

There have been a number of causes for this. For one, imams typically arrived with restricted information of German and Germany. Due to that, they relied on members of the native Turkish group, because the sociologist Rauf Ceylan has argued.

Opposite to what German and Turkish officers may need assumed, these imams couldn’t merely assume management over the usually long-established mosques to which they had been assigned. And that meant that no matter management the Turkish authorities exercised over German mosques via them was partial and trusted native buy-in.

Moreover, not all mosques in Germany obtained Turkish state imams. Turkish-origin migrants and their descendants created Islamic establishments and arranged spiritual life for themselves for many years without Turkish state intervention. These establishments didn’t disappear when competitors within the type of Turkish state imams arrived. Each at times, many Muslims with Turkish roots select to attend mosques with Turkish state imams, however many don’t.

Imams educated in Germany?

Over the course of the greater than 40 years wherein Turkish state imams have been despatched to Germany, the German and Turkish governments invested their work with excessive expectations. And now, as the top of those imam exchanges comes into sight, German officers proceed to imagine that altering who preaches in mosques will dramatically alter spiritual life for German Muslims.

Within the coming years, imams educated in academies in Germany will change an increasing number of Turkish state imams as they finish their rotations in Germany and return house. In keeping with this plan, the eventual outcome can be that solely domestically educated, German-speaking imams will work in German mosques in some unspecified time in the future within the close to future. German officers described the new model as “an necessary milestone for the mixing and participation of Muslim communities in Germany.”

In the end, as historical past demonstrates, it’s German Muslims themselves, and never the imams who lead them in prayer, who will decide if that is so.